BENEFITS AROUND TIMELY ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT DATA
Author(s): Duane Harris
Abstract/Introduction:
Timely capture and analysis of measurement data relies
on ever-evolving technology, equipment, and procedures.
Current industry practices use flow computers located
near the primary measuring device to capture, calculate,
and store measurement data. Supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA) systems or polling engines
(PEs) are used to collect measurement information on a
scheduled frequency using microwave, fiber, satellite, or
cellular communication channels.
After the SCADA/PE system collects the measurement
data, the information is available to the measurement
system. The measurement system provides the necessary
processing layer that validates the measurement data
to ensure integrity and compliance with regulatory and
industry requirements.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
9DC349CD
FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROL VALVES
AND PNEUMATIC CONTROLLERS
Author(s): Paul R. Sekinger
Abstract/Introduction:
The natural gas industry utilizes two devices to reduce
gas pressure and control gas flow. The first is the regula-
tor and the second is a control valve. The control valve is
utilized for high volumes and it can perform flow control as
will as pressure control. This paper will provide the funda-
mentals of control valve types, sizes, and the controllers
that are utilized to operate the control valves. We will also
investigate the differences between the regulator and the
control valve and the advantages and disadvantages of
each.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
78F22D62
RENEWABLE NATURAL GAS 101
Author(s): Graham Christy
Abstract/Introduction:
The biogas industry has grown immensely over the last several years. The use of biogas as a renewable energy source has aided in reducing emissions and provides many other environmental benefits. Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) is a term used to describe biogas that has been upgraded to use in place of the fossil natural gas typically found in US pipelines today. RNG has many uses that provide environmental, economic, and energy benefits. With federal and state mandates to decarbonize and reach net-zero emissions, RNG will play a vital role in the path to reaching these goals. In this paper the following will be discussed: History of biogas and RNG Benefits of RNG Biogas production Biogas upgrading to RNG Pipeline interconnection
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
80489142
ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE (AMI) SMART METER TECHNOLOGIES MORE THAN JUST METER READING
Author(s): Mark E. Gunsalus
Abstract/Introduction:
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) has experienced significant technological advancements over the past few years. The opportunity to replace walk-by and drive- by systems with smart and cost-effective fixed base AMI systems is better than ever. Smart meters are now on the market in the United States and offer operators a host of new features that significantly improve safety and reliability. While automated meter reading was the basis for these systems, we now can add features such as pressure monitoring, cathodic protection monitoring, automated meter shut-off and countless custom features based on your utilitys requirements for unique operations.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
00CA7009
ODORANT LEAK MANAGEMENT
Author(s): Pierre Braud, Olivier Griperay, Jean-Benoit Cazaux
Abstract/Introduction:
All around the world, propane, butane and natural gas must be odorized. The odorization ensures a safe transport, distribution and use of this valuable energy to residential buildings. Regulations vary from one country or state to another. The natural gas can be odorized at different points of the gas grid: in some countries (France, Spain, South Korea...), odorization takes place at the entry points of the countrys gas grid, either at the gas transmission pipes or at Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminals just after vaporization. In other countries (USA, Canada, Mexico, Germany, Italy, Belgium, China...), natural gas is often odorized at city gate level, where gas is depressurized to allow distribution to residential points.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
2EFF817D
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: GAS MEASUREMENT
Author(s): Bruce Wallace
Abstract/Introduction:
The Unstoppable AI Artificial Intelligence continues to skyrocket in every aspect of technological advancement. From robotics to self driving cars, AI with human intelligence is booming at a great pace. Medical diagnosis and healthcare Agriculture Aviation and Transportation Energy Finance, Marketing, and HR Education Designing sensors
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
88360781
MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL GAS BY CORIOLIS FLOW METER
AGA REPORT NO. 11
Author(s): Karl Stappert
Abstract/Introduction:
Since the early 1980s, Coriolis meters have gained world-
wide acceptance in gas, liquid, and slurry applications with
an installed base of more than one million units. Through
significant design, enhancements in the early 1990s Co-
riolis meters have rapidly gained worldwide acceptance in
gas phase applications with over 100,000 meters installed
worldwide and most notably the publication of the sec-
ond edition of AGA Report Number 11, Measurement of
Natural Gas by Coriolis Meter.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
9FD55A8B
FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS TURBINE METERS
Author(s): Brian Shomper
Abstract/Introduction:
The majority of all gas measurement used in the world
today is performed by two basic types of meters, posi-
tive displacement and inferential. Positive displacement
meters, consisting mainly of diaphragm and rotary style
devices, generally account for lower volume measure-
ment. Orifice, ultrasonic and turbine meters are the three
main inferential class meters used for large volume
measurement today. Turbines are typically considered to
be a repeatable device used for accurate measurement
over large and varying pressures and flow rates. They
are found in a wide array of elevated pressure applica-
tions ranging from atmospheric conditions to 1440 psig.
Turbine meters have also become established as master
or reference meters used in secondary calibration sys-
tems such as transfer provers. A significant number of
both mechanical and electrical outputs and configura-
tions have become available over the past 50 years of
production.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
6C7C15B3
BASICS OF DIAPHRAGM METERS
Author(s): Jerry Kamalieh
Abstract/Introduction:
The first gas company in the United States, The Gas Light Company of Baltimore, Maryland, founded in 1816, struggled for years with financial and technical problems while operating on a flat-rate basis. Its growth was slow, its charge for gas service beyond the pocketbook of the majority. By comparison, the New York Gas Light Company found- ed in 1823 prospered and expanded. They had built their system on the use of gas meters to measure the sup- ply of gas to customers, and a large one to register the quantity made at the station before it is conveyed to the gasometers.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
3887DF6C
FUNDAMENTALS OF NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS (NGLS)
Author(s): Ken Haynes
Abstract/Introduction:
Before discussing NGLs, it is first necessary to build some background on natural gas. Natural gas is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons (compound of hydrogen and carbon) and nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous geologic formations beneath the earths surface. Natural gas is a mixture of the hydrocarbon components of methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes, with the principal constituent being methane. Natural gas also can contain non-hydrocarbon gases such as carbon, dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen. The natural gas extracted from underground gas fields and brought to the surface by gas wells (commonly called raw gas) is much different than the natural gas used to heat our homes, to cook our food or to generate electricity. The natural gas used by consumers is composed almost entirely of methane. In contrast, natural gas found at the wellhead, although still composed primarily of methane, is by no means as pure.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
8E453CE3
WET GAS TEST COMPARATIVE RESULTS: ORIFICE VS. USM
Author(s): John Lansing, Toralf Dietz, Dr. Richard Steven, Jim Bowen
Abstract/Introduction:
The CEESI Nunn Wet Gas facility consists of a closed- loop test stand with up to 650 horsepower that permits flow rates from about 83 to 620 ACMH. This corresponds to 3 to 23 m/s in 4-inch Schedule 80 piping. Pressures can range from 1,380 kPa up to 7,500 kPa (13.8 Bar - 75 Bar). Gas flow is measured using a calibrated 6-inch turbine meter, and the injected liquid is measured using one of 2 different Coriolis meters (1/2 and 2 sizes). The liquid typically used is Exxsol D80, but water, or a mixture of both can also be used. The first test involved a 4-inch dual-chamber orifice meter with the gas USM were installed in series. The second test incorporated a 3-inch dual-chamber orifice and 2-path USM, both in series. In both cases the USM was located upstream to minimize, if not totally eliminate, any affect on the orifice meter. In order to ensure that the flow profile is as realistic as possible to what would be seen in the field, the non-intrusive USM was located upstream of the orifice meter.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
4608B91D
NATURAL GAS LIQUID MEASUREMENT-DIRECT & INFERRED MASS
Author(s): Dean Minehart
Abstract/Introduction:
Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) streams consist of mixtures of
hydrocarbons including ethane, propane, butane, pen-
tane and natural gasoline. NGL is sometimes referred
to as y-grade. The American Petroleum Institute (API)
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS)
Chapter 14 Section 7 provides guidance on the mass
measurement of NGL. Mass measurement techniques
are applied to NGL measurement due to solution mixing
of a variable fluid composition within the NGL stream.
Mass measurement can be achieved by direct measure-
ment (Coriolis flow meter) or inferred by multiplying a
volumetric flow rate times flowing density. This paper will
discuss the relative advantages of direct mass measure-
ment for NGL streams.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
C20C24FB
BALANCING OF NGL GAS PLANTS
Author(s): Jason Boggess
Abstract/Introduction:
Developing a balance for a natural gas processing plant is a critical step needed in a plants efficient, safe, and reli- able operation. At its core, the main purpose of a balance is to compare molecules coming in with molecules going out. Accurate balances benefit several departments as- sociated with a plant including operations, measurement, accounting, environmental, safety, marketing, schedul- ing, and business development. Having an accurate and thorough balance of systems and sub-systems allows all concerned groups to account for products entering and leaving each system of interest.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
8D9D1CCA
PROVING FOR MEASUREMENT VERIFICATION
Author(s): Joe Lantzy
Abstract/Introduction:
While meters measure flow, they require calibration to
ensure accurate measurement. Provers are used to
verify flow meter uncertainty by comparing their known
volume with the measured volume of a flow meter.
Various methods of proving are used globally to ensure
meter accuracy and this paper will explain provers used
for liquids, in particular oil and liquified gas. It will cover
methodology, types of provers, proving best practices,
and proving for liquified gasses.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
69885004
OVERVIEW OF AN APPALACHIAN SHALE GAS PROCESSING PLANT
Author(s): Ryan Savage
Abstract/Introduction:
The purpose of this class is to provide an overview of a typical northeast Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) processing plant. The Marcellus and Utica Shale play in the Appala- chian Basin area has brought the need for new substruc- ture, compressor stations, facilities and processing plants. The natural gas production in Appalachia has historically been lower pressure Devonian gas which is considered dry when compared to the rich Shale gas. The terms dry, wet, lean and rich are industry terms for describ- ing the physical state and composition of the gas as it is produced from the earth. The term dry gas or lean gas refers to natural gas that has a BTU value range of ap- proximately 900 to 1100. The terms wet gas or rich gas is used almost interchangeably, but the more accurate term for description is probably rich because wet can also refer to the gases water content. Rich gas is natural gas that has a BTU value above 1100 generally.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
1436C5B7
SAFE HANDLING AND SAMPLING OF LIQUID PRODUCTS
Author(s): Jason Rine
Abstract/Introduction:
The Marcellus and Utica shale plays are rich with com- ponents of high value. Natural gas wells in these regions contain condensate liquid which can be processed and used as a blend stock for producing gasoline blends. The natural gas produced from these wells contains more than just methane. Valuable liquid components are also present which can be processed and separated through various refining processes and sold as individual purity products. The cryogenic process of removing methane yields natu- ral gas liquids (NGL), which contain many hydrocarbons including ethane, propane, isobutane, normal butane, and natural gasoline (a mixture of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons).
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
3CC062CD
INTERFACE IN THE FIELD
ACHIEVING RELIABLE INTERFACE MEASUREMENT TO OPTIMIZE
PROCESS AND INCREASE UPTIME
Author(s): Bill Simpson
Abstract/Introduction:
Interface or multiphase level measurements exist
throughout the Oil & Gas streams as well as Petrochemical.
While level measurement technologies have come a long
way in effectively measuring liquids and solids, multiphase
level measurement continues to be the biggest challenge
and opportunity that exists today to which there is no
perfect technology.
However, experience has shown that process optimization
and increased uptime can still be achieved in many
separator applications through reliable, best-in-class,
level technology.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
B8D886C4
ROTARY DISPLACEMENT METERS BASICS
Author(s): Todd Willis
Abstract/Introduction:
Natural gas measurement today is accomplished through the use of two different classes of gas meters. These are inferential type meters, which include orifice and turbine meters, and positive displacement meters, which include diaphragm and rotary displacement meters. The inferen- tial type meters are so-called because rather than mea- suring the actual volume of gas passing through them, they infer the volume by measuring some other aspect of the gas flow and calculating the volume based on the measurements. The positive displacement type meters are so-called because they measure the actual volume of gas displaced through them.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
36CBBDDA
MULTIPATH ULTRASONIC METERS FOR CUSTODY TRANSFER OF NATURAL GAS
Author(s): Duane Harris
Abstract/Introduction:
Over the past 30 years, gas ultrasonic meters have tran- sitioned from the engineering lab to wide commercial use as the primary device of choice to measure gas volume for custody transfer accounting. Wide acceptance and use by gas pipeline companies has occurred during this time due to the devices Reliability Accuracy Repeatability Capacity (rangeability) Commercial availability that translates into product sup- port, and Adoption of industry standards for custody transfer mea- surement applications
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
9FAAF66F
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PILOT OPERATED FLEXIBLE ELEMENT REGULATORS
Author(s): Michael Garvey
Abstract/Introduction:
Pilot Operated Flexible Element Regulators are capable of providing very accurate control in natural gas trans- mission and distribution pipelines. The Pilot Operated Regulator provides advantages over both self-operated regulators and control valves. Primary benefits include simplicity of operation and elimination of any fugitive emissions caused by atmospheric bleed gas. However, it is important to recognize the limitations of the pilot operated flexible element regulator and apply it accord- ingly. The original Flexible Element Regulator, the Flex- flo, was developed by the Grove Valve and Regulator Company circa World War II. The original intent for the regulator was to regulate water in submarine ballasting systems. However, Grove quickly recognized that the Flexflo regulator product was ideally suited for pres- sure control applications in natural gas pipelines. Many advances have been made since the original Flexible Element was created more then fifty years ago, but the same basic operational advantages and principles of op- eration remain unchanged.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
A60A2BA5
NON-INTRUSIVE ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS IN LIQUID AND GAS APPLICATIONS-TECHNOLOGY AND INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES
Author(s): Martin Dingman
Abstract/Introduction:
Gas and Oil are different in their physical, chemical, and ultrasonic properties. Nevertheless, each fluid state can use Widebeam technology that uses the pipe wall as a Sonic Waveguide, permitting accurate, repeatable and reliable non-intrusive flow metering. This paper explains non intrusive gas ultrasonic metering, providing field and laboratory test data demonstrating the ability of Clamp- On Ultrasonic meters to provide accurate Measurement. It also explains the importance of correct installation.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
87966A48
HIGH VOLUME MEASUREMENT USING TURBINE METERS
Author(s): John A. Gorham
Abstract/Introduction:
For over one hundred years the turbine meter has been
servicing large volume applications of the natural gas
market. During this time the turbine has continuously
evolved into a device that offers the industry new and
unique features. This paper will focus on the significant
advancements of this technology as well as how they are
applied in the field today.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
51F8384B
LARGE CORIOLIS METERS AND THE APPLICABILITY OF WATER CALIBRATIONS FOR GAS SERVICE
Author(s): Marc Buttler, Tonya Wyatt, Karl Stappert
Abstract/Introduction:
In the late 1970s, the first Coriolis mass flow meter was introduced. By the early 1980s, the use of Coriolis me- ters gained popularity for liquid applications, but few were used for gas applications. In the 1990s major design en- hancements were made to the technology improving its usability in gas applications. Driven by the need for a stan- dard industry practice to guide its use in gas applications, the American Gas Association (AGA) published the first edition of AGA Report Number 11, Measurement of Natu- ral Gas by Coriolis Meter in 2003. Today, with an installed population of over 100,000 Micro Motion Coriolis meters in gas applications and the 2013 publication of the second edition of AGA Report No. 11, many users are applying Coriolis meters in gas custody transfer applications.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
16D123DA
UNDERSTANDING GAS ULTRASONIC METER DIAGNOSTICS-ADVANCED
Author(s): John Lansing
Abstract/Introduction:
This paper discusses advanced diagnostic features of gas ultrasonic meters (USMs), and how capabilities built into todays electronics can identify problems that may have gone undetected in the past. It primarily discusses fiscal- quality, multipath USMs and does not cover issues that may be different with non-fiscal meters as they are often single path designs. Although USMs basically work the same, the diagnostics for each manufacturer does vary. All brands provide basic features as discussed in AGA Re- port No. 9 Ref 1, also known as AGA 9. However, some provide more advanced features that can be used to help identify issues such as blocked flow conditioners, liquids, and gas compositional errors. This paper focuses on the Westinghouse and British Gas configurations (both being four-path chordal designs), and the information presented here may or may not be applicable to other path designs.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
671EB796
RECOGNITION & RESOLUTION OF PROBLEMS WITH GAS ULTRASONIC FLOW METERS
Author(s): Joel Nava
Abstract/Introduction:
Pipeline Operators have used Ultrasonic meters commer- cially for gas custody transfer applications since the late 90s. These meters combination of operating features, including superior rangeability and on-board diagnostics have made this the technology of choice for most high vol- ume gas metering applications. As user comfort with, and capabilities of, the technology has increased and the size and cost of ultrasonic meters has decreased, Operators and Manufacturers continue to stretch the envelope of ap- plication possibilities. This includes use in upstream, cor- rosive and high CO2 applications, where the technology previously couldnt work or didnt make economic sense.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
8C7D7377
AN OVERVIEW AND UPDATE OF AGA REPORT NO. 9
Author(s): John Lansing
Abstract/Introduction:
The American Gas Association published Report No. 9 (AGA 9), Measurement of Gas by Multipath Ultrasonic Meters Ref 1 in June 1998. It is a recommended practice for using ultrasonic meters (USMs) in fiscal (custody) measurement applications. This paper reviews some of history behind the development of AGA Report No. 9 (often referred to as AGA 9), key contents and includes information on meter performance requirements, design features, testing procedures, and installation criteria. This paper also discusses changes that were incorporated in subsequent Second, Third and Fourth Editions.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
41FD9AF1
FLOW CALIBRATING HIGH VOLUME ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS- CONSIDERATIONS AND BENEFITS
Author(s): Joel Clancy
Abstract/Introduction:
The primary method for custody transfer measurement has traditionally been orifice metering. While this method has been a good form of measurement, technology has driven the demand for a new, more effective form of fiscal measurement. Ultrasonic flowmeters have gained popu- larity in recent years and have become the standard for large volume custody transfer applications for a variety of reasons. Most users require flow calibrations to improve meter performance and overall measurement uncertainty. The latest revision of AGA Report No. 9, Measurement of Gas by Multipath Ultrasonic Meters, Second Addition Ref 1, now requires flow calibration for ultrasonic flow meters when being used for custody transfer applications.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
B8AABF48
DIFFERENTIAL TESTING OF ROTARY METERS
Author(s): Ron Walker
Abstract/Introduction:
Since the introduction of rotary meters in the 1920s, gas distribution companies have used the differential pressure across the meter as an indication of meter condition and performance. Using manufacturers recommendations in concert with industry and regulatory standards differential testing is a cost effective method to verify the condition of a rotary meter while in service. With acceptance by many U.S. public utility commissions, differential testing has been used by gas distribution com- panies for many years. This paper will discuss the tradi- tional methods used for differential testing as well as the most recent developments that improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a differential pressure testing program.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
9D8C88B4
LOW PRESSURE GAS MEASUREMENT USING
ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY
Author(s): Dr. Volker Herrmann, Toralf Dietz, and John Lansing
Abstract/Introduction:
The utilization of ultrasonic metering as a cost effective
form of measurement has grown dramatically over the
past 10 years. A growing portion of this market is in cus-
tody transfer applications. This growth is primarily due to
growing acceptance in industry, advances in the technol-
ogy, extensive self diagnostic capabilities and industry/
regulatory standards and recommendations related to
their use in custody transfer applications.
With the research and development which has been com-
pleted to date, ultrasonic meter use in domestic /residential
and high pressure applications has been proven and has
widespread acceptance. New research and development
is being done to address the segment of the market which
poses additional challenges in the use of this technology.
This is the use of these meters in atmospheric and low
pressure applications such as gas distribution systems,
and industrial fuel gas measurement.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
9FA5DB0F
LEVERAGING USM DIAGNOSTICS FOR OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE
Author(s): Pam Ryan
Abstract/Introduction:
Equitrans Midstream (ETRN) operates a large natural gas gathering system and a mid-size transmission system in the Appalachian Basin, transporting approximately 8.3 BCF of gas daily (as of year-end 2021). Monitoring the volumes and gas quality is a critical component of ETRNs operations. The ultrasonic meter (USM) is ETRNs preferred meter, with over 750 units in service and more than 91% of ETRNs throughput metered with USMs. We use various types of USMs - non-custody clamp- on USMs for compressor throughput, dehy slipstream, operating large valve yards and odorizers and several styles of multi-path, custody-grade USMs at gathering, storage, transmission, and distribution meter sites.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
DC6D4C71
SELF-OPERATED REGULATOR BASICS
Author(s): Trent Decke
Abstract/Introduction:
Gas pressure regulators have become very familiar items
over the years, and nearly everyone has grown accus-
tomed to seeing them in factories, public buildings, by the
roadside and even in their own homes. As is frequently
the case with many such familiar items, we all have a ten-
dency to take them for granted. It is only when a problem
develops or when we are selecting a regulator for a new
application that we need to look more deeply into the fun-
damental of the regulator operation.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
23076C13
DIAGNOSTICS FOR LARGE HIGH VOLUME FLOW ORIFICE PLATE METERS
Author(s): Mark Skelton, Simon Barrons, Jennifer Ayre, Richard Steven
Abstract/Introduction:
In 2008/9 DP Diagnostics disclosed a proprietary dif- ferential pressure (DP) meter diagnostic methodology 1,2. Swinton Technology (ST) has subsequently devel- oped software named Prognosis in partnership with DP Diagnostics. Prognosis allows these generic DP meter diagnostic methodologies to be applied in flow comput- ers thereby making these principles available for field applications.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
C4960A5F
DISTRIBUTION GAS METER PROVING: THE EQUIPMENT AND METHODOLOGY USED TODAY IN THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY
Author(s): Gregory A. Germ
Abstract/Introduction:
The performance accuracy of a natural gas meter is de- termined by passing a known volume of air from a mea- surement reference or standard-the meter registra- tion is compared against this known volume. The known volume of air originates from the meter prover. In earlier times, the gas meter prover was a stand-alone device (usually a bell-type prover), manually operated without any electronics or automation. Today, the majority of gas meter provers are fully automated computer controlled and operated, and responsible for other job functions be- sides the proving of gas meters. The bell-type meter prov- er - though still commonly used in the industry - is not the only kind of meter prover used today. The advance- ments and developments in electronics and computer technology has lead to an evolution of meter proving equipment - far from the manual proving methods that were commonplace only a few decades ago. Many utili- ties have replaced the bell-type prover with sonic nozzle and transfer provers. Provers can now store and retrieve information from a utilitys meter management system, reduce the human error factor in the proving operation, and provide self-diagnostics to assist the prover operator in maintenance and in troubleshooting problems.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
DF58ABDF
DERIVING ADDITIONAL VALUE FROM METERING SYSTEMS
Author(s): Madeline Corb
Abstract/Introduction:
Digital communications and cloud-based technologies
allow for utilization of data beyond the pulse output type
AMR information traditionally collected from metering
applications. Meter set communications will become the
metering system smartphone for utilities.
This discussion explores the paradigm shift and the
additional value afforded utilities by this evolving
technology.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
F868D3D1
INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE PATH ULTRASONIC METERS
Author(s): Paul Honchar
Abstract/Introduction:
An ultrasonic meter falls into the classification of inferen-
tial meters. Unlike positive displacement meters that cap-
ture volume to totalize volume, inferential meters measure
flowing gas velocity to totalize volume. Ultrasonic meters
use sound waves to measure flowing gas velocity to infer
volume. Ultrasonic meters have been around for many
years, primarily in liquid measurement. However, we are
seeing more and more applications in the natural gas
industry.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
2256A246
IN-SITU (ON-SITE) GAS METER PROVING
Author(s): Edgar B. Bowles, Jr., James N. Witte, and Adam Hawley
Abstract/Introduction:
Natural gas flow rate measurement errors at field meter stations can result from the installation configuration, the calibration of the meter at conditions other than the actual operating conditions, or the degradation of meter performance over time. The best method for eliminating these or other sources of error is with in-situ (on-site) cali- bration of the meter. That is, the measurement accuracy of the field meter station should be verified under actual operating conditions by comparing to a master meter or prover. Comparisons of flow meters in the field have been performed for nearly as long as flow meters have been in existence. For example, Figure 1 shows an orifice meter being compared to three 60-A tin meters (a.k.a., diaphragm meters) in Rosedale, Kansas in 1921. 1 Each tin meter had the flow capacity of 1,800 standard cubic feet per hour. In this particular test, a 1.6% difference in reading was discovered between the orifice meter and the tin meters (so named because their housings were made of thin tinned sheet metal.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
51203BAC
ADVANCED APPLICATION OF ROTARY METERS
Author(s): Ron Walker
Abstract/Introduction:
This paper will examine and explain several common
characteristics of rotary meters and their use in the natu-
ral gas distribution, transmission and production markets.
The selection, proper installation, start-up procedures and
regular maintenance routines will be covered, as well.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
2EBA751F
FUNDAMENTALS OF PRESSURE CONTROL
Author(s): Paul R. Sekinger
Abstract/Introduction:
Pressure control is the fundamental operation of all natu-
ral gas delivery systems. It provides a safe and reliable
energy source for manufacturing and heating systems
throughout the world. Pressure control is utilized to bal-
ance the system supply demands with safe delivery
pressures.
Pressure control is used in all phases of the delivery sys-
tem as follows:
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
A1E17FB4
UNDERSTANDING REMOTE CONTROLLED CONTROL VALVES AND AUTOMATED VALVES FROM THE SCADA CONTROL ROOM TO THE FIELD DEVICE
Author(s): Raymond J. Schnebelen
Abstract/Introduction:
Todays modern natural gas infrastructure requires the need for natural gas utilities and pipelines to remotely con- trol flow and pressure through control valves, regulators and actuated block valves to properly and safely control the gas flow to critical systems. For those new to the gas industry, much of this technology may seem overwhelming, and difficult to understand how commands from a gas control center are transferred to the field devices, and signals from end devices are relayed back to the control center. There are many factors that are used in the selection of these control devices so that proper operation and control is consistent, reliable and operates safely in the field. This paper outlines the basic techniques used to achieve these goals.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
0CB0FA73
GATE STATION DESIGN
Author(s): John Rafferty
Abstract/Introduction:
The City Gate or, Take, Station, is the interchange of natural gas between: Two interstate pipelines An interstate pipeline and a local gas distribution company (LDC) An interstate pipeline and a large industrial end user (usually a power plant) The City Gate station is one of the more complex designs a natural gas engineer will deal with in the course of a ca- reer. Like all projects, a properly designed and constructed gate station begins with good preliminary engineering. In preliminary engineering, all of the major project goals and hurdles are defined. If the preliminary engineering docu- ment is written properly, it will serve as the backbone for the entire project.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
CAB6AD8B
BASIC APPLICATION OF FLOW COMPUTERS AND TELEMETRY SYSTEMS
Author(s): Abhishek Richhariya
Abstract/Introduction:
Prior to flow computers being commonly used in the measurement of hydrocarbons, most telemetry systems were used to collect control information and real time data and provide control commands to Remote Terminal Units (RTU). Most of the local metering was being handled by chart recorders and local data collection by operations personnel. The collected charts were sent to the central facility where the information provided custody transfer reports and or field operations reports. Most of the com- monly used chart recorders were the standard circular chart format and pneumatic devices. These were used to process the information for billing, regulatory operations, and monthly operations, but generally culminated into a cumbersome and costly task. The measurement depart- ments often had to deal with discrepancies in data and in- formation that was often weeks or months old. There was an urgent need for collecting real time information from metering equipment and custody transfer data. Although there were telemetry systems in place, collecting real time data and getting this information to a central office was not easily accomplished with the early types of SCADA sys- tems in place. Most of the early RTU and SCADA systems were used for control purposes, such as start/stop, open/ close, and alarm reporting. Some RTUs did have ana- log signal input and output capabilities. The RTU could be used to download remote set points and collect valve position data.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
EBA54F86
REAL-TIME ELECTRONIC GAS MEASUREMENT
Author(s): Al Majek
Abstract/Introduction:
The measurement of oil & gas production has progressed considerably since the days of paper charts and manual integration. Technology has moved increasingly to microprocessor based flow computers allowing for greater measurement accuracy, increased control functionality, and ready integration into a companys enterprise computer networks.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
6F6537F8
OPTIMIZING FLAME AND GAS COVERAGE AND PROTECTION
Author(s): Brian Ledeboer
Abstract/Introduction:
Why Flame and Gas Detectors?
Systems go beyond those
required by regulatory
agencies
Intended to assure that
personnel exposure
remain within health
based exposure indices
Provided to detect and
avert situations that
could lead to fires and
explosions
May be used to control
other means of property
loss (ex. excessive
corrosion)
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
09A786FA
UNDERSTANDING HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS MEASUREMENT
Author(s): Chris Carville
Abstract/Introduction:
1. BASIC TERMS & CONCEPTS BASIC VOLUME & MASS TERMS Indicated Volume - The meter pulses divided by the K-Factor (ex: Pulses/(Pulses/Gallon) gallons Gross Volume - The Indicated Volume multiplied by the Meter Factor - This is what a truck driver is concerned with. Gross Std Volume - The Indicated Volume multiplied by Correction Factors BS&W Volume - The Gross Std. Volume multiplied by the Basic Sediment & Water percentage value. Crude oil will contain some amount of water and suspended solids from the reservoir formation. The particulate matter is known as sediment or mud. Net Std. Volume - The Gross Std. Volume minus the BS&W volume - what you get paid for. Gross Mass - Can be calculated from the Gross Volume & Density or can be a direct mass reading from mass meter
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
9487CF28
BASICS OF USING MODBUS IN MONITORING AND CONTROL
Author(s): Tushar Shah and Elias Davis
Abstract/Introduction:
The MODBUS is a common industrial communication protocol. It is widely available either as a standard or an option in an industrial control and monitoring equipment e.g. Remote Terminal units (RTUs), Programable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Flow Computers, Volume Correctors, Pressure Recorders, Ultrasonic Meters, Coriolis Meters, Chromatographs, Valve controllers, Odorizers, Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems etc. Originally, MODBUS serial communication protocol was published in 1979 for use with its PLCs by Modicon (now Schneider Electric). It has become a de facto standard communication protocol for industrial electronic devices. Since 2004, the development and update of MODBUS protocol is managed by the Modbus organization. Over the years the protocol has evolved, including the latest variation allowing communication over an ethernet network.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
E968F0AA
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS-APPLICATIONS IN OIL & GAS
Author(s): Brent McAdams
Abstract/Introduction:
As Machine to Machine (M2M), Internet of Things (IoT), and of course, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) makes the transition from technology magazines to corporate strategic initiatives, companies are recognizing a significant opportunity to enhance productivity, efficiency, and profitability through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). These Networks have emerged as a key technology for oil & gas exploration and production companies looking to gain a competitive advantage. Since initially being introduced, manufacturers have enhanced product offerings to operate in the most inhospitable of environments while fortifying the technology with more robust communications architectures, hardening security, increasing reliability, and driving down power consumption. Through the entire oil & gas value chain (upstream, midstream, and downstream) as well as other industrial markets including Electric Power, Water/Waste Water, and Manufacturing, wireless sensor networks are increasingly being deployed where hardwiring was the De facto standard.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
81C74787
PROJECT MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS
Author(s): John Gamble, Jr.
Abstract/Introduction:
PRESENTATION GOAL To provide an introduction of standard project management terminology and concepts while using real life examples and experience. THE PROEJCT What is a Project? A temporary, non-routine endeavor to create a unique product or service limited by time, budget, and specifications. The purpose of a project is to achieve its objectives and transfer to operations. How does it differ from Operations? Operations are on-going, permanent, and repetitive. The purpose of operations is to sustain or maintain the business.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
E048325C
NETWORK ANALYSIS - PART 1 GAS FLOW EQUATION FUNDAMENTALS
Author(s): Tim Bickford
Abstract/Introduction:
Over the past 25 years engineers in the natural gas in- dustry have come to depend on the computer as a tool to perform complex hydraulic network analysis. Analysis, which would take weeks to perform by hand or by punch- card machines 30 years ago, can now be accomplished in mere hours or sometimes seconds. Today gas net- work analysis software, though complex and extremely sophisticated, has become very user friendly. Low cost PCs, inexpensive software and flexible software licensing now make it possible for almost anyone to have access to these powerful engineering tools. Today, more and more non-technical persons are using this cutting edge tech- nology to perform analyses that were once performed by specialists.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
8D985909
FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS MEASUREMENT
Author(s): Pat Donnelly
Abstract/Introduction:
Samuel Clegg made the first practical gas meter in Eng- land in 1815. It was a water-sealed rotating drum meter that was improved in 1825 however, it was still very costly and very large. Thomas Glover developed the original diaphragm meter in England in 1843. It consisted of two diaphragms, sliding valves and linkage. T. S. Lacey patent- ed the pre-payment meter in 1870. The most significant change to diaphragm meters over the years has been in the materials of construction. Brass parts have been replaced by plastic, and leather diaphragms have been replaced with synthetic rubber.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
382E15E2
BASIC GAS AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR GAS DETECTION
Author(s): Eric Six
Abstract/Introduction:
In this class we will review what we need to know about how natural gas, and other gases, works in order to bet- ter understand how to detect leakage and unintended releases. We will then look at the operation, maintenance and cali- bration of the instrumentation available for gas detection. Characteristics of Natural Gas Non-toxic Colorless Odorless Specific gravity Combustible range
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
C506E5CF
WIRELESS HART SOLUTIONS IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
Author(s): Tony Simpkins
Abstract/Introduction:
PROCESS MONITORING & CONTROL I/O VISION IDEAL VISION FOR PROCESS CONTROL & MONITORING ARCHITECTURE WHY USE WIRELESS? See Your Plant in a Whole New Way Wireless field network solutions help you touch more of your plant with predictive intelligence - Eliminate blind spots in your plant - Gives you visibility to detect problems before they occur - Plant-wide sensing increases your monitoring reach and provides real-time data Improve Productivity and Safety - for Your People and Your Plant Enable greater workforce productivity and safety regardless of skill or experience - Less training needed - Constant connectivity - Avoid sending personnel into the field more often than necessary - Like having telecommunications engineer built into the system Secure Your Future with Wireless Key components all work together consistently and seamlessly - Open standards - Mesh technology is self-healing and self-organizing - 99% data reliability - Layered security keeps your network safe - Third party security verification
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
C275FAA1
REGULATOR/CONTROL RUN DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
Author(s): Peter Glaser
Abstract/Introduction:
Through proper piping design and equipment selection,
many regulator and control valve station issues
encountered in the field are preventable. This paper
explores the key design considerations to assist in
avoiding many of the potential regulator and/or control
valve station issues and optimizing the station design
to suit the operational needs of the facility. This includes
exploration of the valve selection process, station control
configurations, and design of the station piping to match
the engineered equipment.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
73390CA1
SAMPLE EXTRACTION AND PRECONDITIONING FOR NATURAL GAS ANALYZERS
Author(s): Vincent Argrave
Abstract/Introduction:
ANALYZER SYSTEM SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM - Everything Except the Analyzer
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
0B1A9718
THE ENERGY TRANSITION WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN?
Author(s): Pat Convery
Abstract/Introduction:
THREE TOPICS, LOOSELY RELATED: SIMOPS, meeting decarbonization goals while maintaining service What will 2050 be like? Capital Markets (no, really) SIMULTANEOUS OPERATIONS: Transform how we generate electricity and heat our homes, businesses and industrial processes while, Delivering reliable safe energy to the population to enable the economy to function and the society to continue to enjoy the current standard of living
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
FBC78CD3
CORROSION CONTROL FOR M&R STATIONS
Author(s): John Otto
Abstract/Introduction:
WHAT IS CORROSION? NACE International The deterioration of a material, usually a metal, that re- sults from a reaction with its environment. What is Necessary for Corrosion to Occur Anode Cathode Electrolyte Metallic Path Note - Current flow must occur between the Anode and Cathode Galvanic Corrosion Occurs when two dissimilar metals are electrically connected The metal with the most negative voltage (higher po- tential) with reference to a copper/copper sulfate half cell will corrode
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
931B258E
FROM THE WELLHEAD TO THE BURNER TIP: A SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Author(s): John Rafferty
Abstract/Introduction:
This paper is presented at the Appalachian Gas Mea- surement Short Course - Fundamentals Section. The paper is designed for the first year student to understand the basic flow of natural gas and the terminology uti- lized from Production and Storage areas to end use by consumers. Specific focus is given to history of natural gas, gas transmission, city gate stations, and distribution systems.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
BAB7341D
COMPRESSOR STATION TOUR AND DESIGN PROCESS OVERVIEW
Author(s): Doug Law
Abstract/Introduction:
TRANSMISSION BOOSTER OR RELAY
COMPRESSOR STATION
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
42D9FEF1
PHMSA REGULATIONS FOR UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE
Author(s): Sue Burla
Abstract/Introduction:
HISTORY OF API 1171 Anticipating future regulations based on PHMSAs 2011 Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking regarding pipeline safety, the American Petroleum Institute (API) convened a group of industry experts to draft recommendations for underground storage operations. Recommended Practices specifically outline how to safely design, store, and operate natural gas in salt caverns and depleted oil and gas reservoirs. RP 1170 - Salt Caverns (July 2015) RP 1171 - Depleted Reservoirs (September 2015) After several years of formulation, peer review and revision, documents were finalized and distributed in hopes of guiding potential regulatory decision making in the future.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
0B00055C
UNDERSTANDING HYDROCARBON DEW POINTS
IN NATURAL GAS MIXTURES
Author(s): James N. Witte
Abstract/Introduction:
This paper will present a discussion on the hydrocarbon
dew point of a gas, and is intended as an introduction for
operations technicians to the conditions that determine a
hydrocarbon dew point value, operating concerns gener-
ated when the hydrocarbon dew point is reached, and
approaches to the management of gas quality to control
hydrocarbon dew point in pipeline systems. The hydrocar-
bon dew point is one of the most important parameters
defining the quality of a natural gas mixture.
The signs of having reached hydrocarbon dew point are
readily recognizable. Evidence of reaching the hydrocar-
bon dew point include a high liquid line (stain) found on an
orifice plate, liquid that is found when trying to take a gas
sample or a sound speed comparison error in an ultra-
sonic meter diagnostic routine. One of the distinguishing
characteristics of hydrocarbon liquid is that at atmospher-
ic pressure and temperature the liquid will rapidly vaporize
without a trace.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
0DD7049E
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR GAS SAMPLING AND GAS SAMPLING SYSTEMS
Author(s): David J. Fish
Abstract/Introduction:
The need to be able to take a representative sample of a hydrocarbon product is necessary to ensure proper ac- counting for transactions and efficient product processing. The various sampling methods that are available and the options and limitations of these methods are investigated the most appropriate equipment to use the reasons for its use and correct installation of the equipment are also addressed.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
A3D703B4
DETERMINATION OF H2S & TOTAL SULFUR IN NATURAL GAS
Author(s): Byron Larson
Abstract/Introduction:
In the natural gas industry, H 2 S and total sulfur are moni-
tored to validate tariff limits or to ensure process specifica-
tions are maintained at receipt, sales, and process con-
trol points throughout the system. Typical measurement
ranges are 0-20 ppm for H2S and 0-100 ppm for total sul-
fur on transmission lines. Wellhead treating, particularly
shale gas development has created the need to measure
higher ranges of 1000 to 5000 ppm measurement at H 2S
treater skid inlet with a target treater outlet of 1 to 5 ppm.
Downstream processing plant inlet applications require
percentage measurement of 1-10% and sulfur plant feed
or H2S re-injection ranges of 20-60%. Natural Gas gath-
ering systems may blend off-spec gas with spec gas to
maintain gas quality specifications in the 0-5% H 2 S range.
Liquid rich shale gas presents a need to measure H2S
in condensate or light oil streams. Natural gas streams
used as feed stock in fertilizer production or any other
sulfur sensitive catalyst bed dependent process requires
sub ppm to as low as 10 ppb sulfur measurement. This
paper summarizes principles of operation and points to
consider when employing available technologies for vari-
ous applications and concentrations encountered in the
gas industry and related downstream facilities.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
FD10FBAF
ADVANCES IN HYDROCARBON DEWPOINT MONITORING
THEORY AND PRACTICE
Author(s): Sohrab Zarrabian
Abstract/Introduction:
Monitoring the hydrocarbon dewpoint of natural gas is
becoming ever more important. We have collected more
than 20 years worth of data from our customers who use
our analyzers in a few different countries with different cli-
mates. We have analyzed this data to look for trends and
other information that may be useful to the industry.
Our customer base includes pipeline operators, gas pro-
cessors, storage operators, as well as power plants. While
these customers are from distinct segments of the gas
industry, they face similar issues in controlling the hydro-
carbon dewpoint of their natural gas streams.
The range of observed dewpoints show strong correla-
tion with ambient temperatures. In general, hydrocarbon
dewpoints are higher in warmer climates, while in colder
climates, the dewpoints are usually lower. However anom-
alies, manifested by high hydrocarbon dewpoints, pose a
significant challenge to pipelines and natural gas users
regardless of climate.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
FFFA1D5B
LIFE OF A MODERN SHALE WELL
Author(s): Ryan Deaderick
Abstract/Introduction:
Since its discovery and use in ancient times to the beginning of the industry in the 1850s, oil and natural gas have largely influenced the reality of our modern world. Most scientists theorize that the majority of the worlds oil and natural gas were created from the transformed remains of ancient marine organisms. Today, we find deposits of oil and gas within underground formations of sedimentary rocks and continue to develop techniques and technologies to extract these resources. Unique developments involving one particular type of sedimentary rock called shale have created a renaissance in oil and gas production in the United States. Thousands of private companies in the US operate to primarily develop and produce hydrocarbons from the major and prolific shale basins. Successful shale development operations require significant financial investment, long term planning and the great work of dozens of unique, exciting professions. It is estimated that the shale gas industry supports more than 800,000 American jobs.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
3855E609
WATER VAPOR EFFECTS ON NATURAL GAS QUALITY AND
NATURAL GAS MEASUREMENT
Author(s): James N. Witte
Abstract/Introduction:
Natural gas is produced from underground formations in
which the gas is at an equilibrium condition with water
typically in the formation. Since the gas has been in the
formation for a sufficiently long period, full saturation at
the pressure and temperature conditions that exist in the
production formation is a good assumption.
This paper will discuss the effects of water vapor content
on natural gas quality and the effect of water vapor on gas
measurement.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
370C8936
INTRODUCTION TO GAS QUALITY USING SPECTROSCOPY
Author(s): Sohrab Zarrabian
Abstract/Introduction:
Optical spectroscopy is an established group of tech- niques. These methods all share a fundamental common feature they use the interaction of electromagnetic waves (e.g. light) with materials to deduce information about the make-up of the material under analysis. Optical spectroscopy has been around for almost 100 years. Despite this relatively long history, practical indus- trial applications in the industry have been somewhat of a more recent trend. Field applications (outside of laborato- ries) have been even more recent phenomena.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
6C32890C
FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Author(s): Duane Smith
Abstract/Introduction:
Gas chromatography is one of the most widely used tech-
niques for analyzing hydrocarbon mixtures. Some of the
advantages of chromatography are the range of measure-
ment (from ppm levels up to 100%), the detection of a
wide range of components, and the repeatability of the
measurements. Chromatography is used in the labora-
tory, in permanently installed online systems, and in the
field with portable systems. No matter the location, style or
brand, all gas chromatographs are composed of the same
functional components that are the sample handling sys-
tem, the chromatograph oven, and the controller electron-
ics (refer Figure 1). This paper will cover the principles or
sample handling, how chromatograph columns separate
the components, why and how multi-port analysis valves
are used, the common detector type used in the hydro-
carbon applications, and the analysis processing that pro-
vides the component concentrations and the other calcu-
lated values (such as heating value and specific gravity)
through physical reports or interfaces to other devices.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
11930ED0
FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS LAWS
Author(s): Tushar Shah
Abstract/Introduction:
Today millions of people depend of Natural Gas for cooking
food, heating home/office, heating water and much more.
As gas moves from well head to the burner tip, there are
many points where gas transportation changes hand
from supplier to customer (called custody transfer). These
custody transfers include various types of companies/
utilities. Such as, from upstream to midstream, from
midstream to downstream, from distribution company to
end customer etc. The custody transfer of gas requires
accurate measurement as currency is involve in billing for
natural gas.
Natural gas is naturally occurring gaseous substance that
is highly compressible, highly expandable hydrocarbon
mixture and with a low specific gravity. The understanding
of fundamental of gas laws are important in order to
understand accurate measurement of natural gas. Also,
it helps in understating the behavior of natural gas
under different conditions. Also, it helps in designing and
operating natural gas system.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
7931C9CB
GLYCOL DEHYDRATION
Author(s): Andrew Glascock
Abstract/Introduction:
DEHYDRATION The term dehydration means to remove water from a substance. Water vapor is removed from natural gas through the glycol-absorption process. The glycol absorbs the water from the gas, and then the water is distilled from the glycol and driven off into the air. WHY DEHYRDATE? If water vapor is allowed to remain in the natural gas it will reduce the efficiency of a pipeline. The water will cause corrosion and reduced capacity of the pipeline. Water and other corrosive agents will in time eat holes in the pipe or vessels through which the gas flows. The water vapor mixed with Hydrocarbons will form hydrates or ice blocks in pipes, Valves and Vessels Hydrates will form at fairly high temperatures when gas is under pressure. Hydrates can form @50 to 70 deg F in 1000 psi lines.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
580D4AFC
UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF NATURAL GAS
Author(s): Amir Dastgheib
Abstract/Introduction:
TODAYS AGENDA What is Underground Natural Gas Storage and Whats Its Purpose? Components That Make Up a Storage Field Top Requirements for Underground Gas Storage Field StorageFieldFacilityInfrastructure Deliverability Design and Peak Day Requirements Natural Gas Storage Fields Operation How Shale Production Has Impacted Appalachian Storage Challenges Ahead and Future
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
0E35F9E6
CARE AND FEEDING OF ELECTROCHEMICAL OXYGEN ANALYZERS
Author(s): John Bizzarri
Abstract/Introduction:
Oxygen is the 3rd most abundant element by mass in the universe. While critical for life it is a well-documented issue for natural gas production and transmission. The obvious concern would be avoiding oxygen concentrations that could support combustion but the difficulties for natural gas and the equipment that supports the industry start at much lower levels. Oxygen contamination, even in trace amounts, can pose serious and potentially costly problems in gas plants, transmission lines and gathering systems. Specific areas of concern are: Pipelines - sulfuric acid is formed when oxygen is pres- ent with trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and water. This condition over time can cause corrosion to the interior of piping systems. Dehydration Systems - oxygen will enhance degrada- tion of glycol in dehydration systems and accelerate cor- rosion of the equipment Amine treatment systems - oxygen will react with amines to form heat stable amine salts. The salt forma- tion creates multiple problems for the amine plant. First, they will reduce the overall amine available for acid gas removal which will drive an increase in chemical usage in the plant. Second the salts will form acids that cor- rode and damage systems. Finally, the buildup of salts can be passed downstream and foul valves, piping and heat exchangers.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
A02D7DD3
BASIC PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GAS
Author(s): John H. Batchelder
Abstract/Introduction:
Natural gas is misunderstood by many. It is believed by some that all gas is a liquid that is pumped into automo- biles or into tanks and is used as a fuel. It is thought of as a dangerous material that will blow up easily. Others do not differentiate between LP gas, natural gas, or gasoline - They are all the same thing, right? While it is true that the above mentioned materials are all made up of the same basic components, each has its own physical and chemical characteristics.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
A3B801FD
REMOTE MONITORING AND CONTROL - IMPACT OF EVOLVING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND PROTOCOLS
Author(s): Vishal Prakash
Abstract/Introduction:
Monitoring of remote assets has been in practice since the 19th century. Since then, there has been many quan- tum changes including the type of assets that are being monitored, remote control of instruments and processes, type of media and the protocols used. There is a plethora of information available on the World Wide Web that docu- ments and explains these changes, in detail, including a number of white papers. The focus of this white paper is look at the evolution to newer communications technologies such as high speed radio and 3G cellular and advanced protocols such as DNP3 and the advantages that this offers for remote mon- itoring and control applications. This paper will also dis- cuss the emergence of IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) as a potential new paradigm for remote monitoring and control.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
F7372988
COMPRESSOR SAFETY SYSTEMS
Author(s): Rob Lesser
Abstract/Introduction:
The purpose of this discussion is to provide an overview of typical automation, measurement, and control processes utilized in compressor safety systems. This presentation is applicable to predominately on pad compression, however many principalities also transfer to compressor facilities. Although there are several challenges and different needs that arise in this environment, some basic principalities and best practices can be utilized for design concepts. This presentation will investigate several challenge areas and will shed light on the most widespread and accepted practices for achieving successful product usage in the dynamic industry we are involved in.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
A5C6BAE9
SCADA FUNDAMENTALS FOR O&G
Author(s): Lars Larsson
Abstract/Introduction:
According to the EIA, there are more than 3 million miles of gas pipelines around the world, with at least 2 million miles of them here in North America. To be able to operate these pipelines and associated pipeline facilities safely, reliably, and efficiently, pipeline companies use SCADA systems to monitor and control operations daily. The paragraph above sounds perfectly acceptable, however from a laymans point of view, several questions arise: What does SCADA even stand for? Why do we use it? What is a SCADA system? What does it encompass? Who operates a SCADA system? How is it used? Why not a different control/automation system, e.g., DCS? What can you monitor on a SCADA system specifically? What applications are used or available within SCADA? What can you control on a SCADA system specifically?
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
365F5D76
DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN THE MARCELLUS & UTICA
Author(s): Brad Waldrip
Abstract/Introduction:
The purpose of this discussion is to explore the various
types of data connectivity that are available for data
communications to the various points needed, in the Oil &
Gas Industry. We will explore the various data connection
types, pros and cons of each type and practical applications.
The locations that we will be discussing are primarily in
West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio. While each type
of data connections is feasible there are considerations
that need to be observed. These considerations are cost,
terrain, bandwidth, serviceability and power consumption.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
817A3C29
UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS OVERVIEW
Author(s): Rob Lesser
Abstract/Introduction:
The purpose of this discussion is to provide an overview of
typical automation, measurement, and control processes
utilized in upstream oil and gas. This presentation is appli-
cable to Marcellus and Utica shale plays. Although there
are several challenges and different needs that arise in
this environment, some basic principalities and best prac-
tices can be utilized for design concepts. This presenta-
tion will investigate several challenge areas and will shed
light on the most widespread and accepted practices for
achieving successful product usage in the dynamic indus-
try we are involved in.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
2E35D2D3
WIRELESS SENSOR APPLICATIONS
AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Author(s): Todd Mathias
Abstract/Introduction:
The industrial world seems evenly split on the value and
the risks of wireless transmission of data in a plant or in
a field environment. The benefits are well known. There
is no need for additional wiring or conduit. Integration
of instruments and edge control are a strategic part of
an IoT program. However, there are certainly drawbacks.
Extra maintenance due to battery replacements and more
instances of outside interference such as mechanical
noise or conflicting frequency of signal are examples.
This paper will offer thoughts and considerations on when
best to apply wireless technology into your application
and some of the considerations to consider when doing
so. We will not land on an opinion on whether wireless
or hardwire configuration is the better investment into
the process. However, there are applications are better
served by wireless than others. This paper will go through
different sensor families observing which ones are best
candidates for wireless technology and why. It will also
give practical things to consider when implementing the
technology with each device and overall.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
BBB55F42
TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE SHAPING THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY
Author(s): Julian Sanchez
Abstract/Introduction:
The Oil & Gas industry is not known for its tendencies to embrace new technologies quickly. On the contrary, we continuously see multiple reports and world-wide industry analysis coming out of companies like McKinsey or Forrester that show how Oil & Gas is consistently the last industry vertical when it comes to digital maturity. In a way this tendency can be understood since Oil & Gas is an industry very much focused on physical goods, and improvements in equipment, processes, and people skills typically yields a greater return than the adoption of new digital technology by itself. Unfortunately, this tendency to leave digital technologies for last has become a collective badge of honor rather than a recognized area of improvement. The default mode of operation has always been to not keep an eye on new technologies unless competitors implement that technology first. As a result, nobody ends up adopting new technology for long periods of time. This mindset may have worked for the last few decades, but we need to be prepared for an abrupt awakening.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
0424B16F
EDGE COMPUTING: LIVING ON THE EDGE
Author(s): Rob Graham
Abstract/Introduction:
Edge computing is a newer computing paradigm that
allows for processing data at the edge of the network, rather
than at a central location. This is accomplished by placing
computing resources, such as servers or gateways, closer
to the devices generating data. This reduces latency,
improves bandwidth utilization, and reduces the amount
of data that needs to be transmitted over the network.
Edge computing has numerous applications, one of which
is SCADA, or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
48CCCC43
PRINCIPLES OF ODORIZATION
Author(s): Greg Ebert
Abstract/Introduction:
Unfortunately many regulations are drafted on the heels of a disaster. Current regulation Odorization of Gas 49 CFR part 192.625 began setting roots after the deadly school explosion that claimed the lives of nearly 300 school children and teachers in New London Texas. The apparent cause of the explosion was an undetectable natural gas leak, that when concentrated above the lower explosive limit, found an ignition source. This explosion on March 18, 1937 may have been avoided if just 1 out of the 500+ occupants had the ability to recognize or detect the level of danger that existed. Today, regulations, guidelines, policies and procedures are active in the effort to prevent incidents as described above. The information provided in this article is meant to provide a snapshot of odorants, odorization equipment, odorization rates, tools and techniques, as well as general best practices when working with odorant presently in the natural gas industry.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
E59E468B
COMMISSIONING OF ODORIZATION SYSTEMS
Author(s): Steve Sams
Abstract/Introduction:
SELECTING AN ODORIZATION SYSTEM Factors to Consider In Odorizer Selection Type/Method Sizing Reliability Support Three Primary Methods In Use Wick/Bypass/Farm Tap Liquid Injection System (Pump/Drip) Electronic Smart Bypass
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
83454859
GAS ODORANTS - SAFE HANDLING, HEALTH, AND ENVIRONMENT
Author(s): Daniel E. Arrieta, PhD, David C. Miller, PhD and Eric Van Tol,
Abstract/Introduction:
Thiols (mercaptans), alkyl sulfides (dimethyl sulfide and methyl ethyl sulfide), and cyclic sulfides, such as tetrahy- drothiophene, have been widely used in the odorization of natural and liquefied petroleum gas due to the fact that natural gas does not possess an odor. Mercaptans, for example, have proven to be very effective in odorizing be- cause of their low odor threshold and therefore, immedi- ate impact on the olfactory system (Roberts, 1993). Although, gas odorants are characterized as having a low hazard potential regarding health effects, their unique physical chemical properties such as, high flam- mability, require that they be handled safely.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
5F7CB278
NATURAL GAS ODOR LEVEL TESTING PROGRAMS
Author(s): Mark E. Gunsalus
Abstract/Introduction:
Gas odor level testing programs are an important part of
delivering safe and reliable natural gas. We will review
olfactory biology basics, regulations, odor fade, program
development, program execution and training.
As an operator and Director for nearly 30 years responsible
for this process, we have developed and refined processes
and procedures that ensure proper odor levels and identify
deficiencies so they can be quickly rectified.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
9CFA635A
ODORIZATION EQUIPMENT DECOMMISSIONING
Author(s): Wesley Lucas
Abstract/Introduction:
DECOMMISSIONING OF OBSOLETE ODORIZERS Reasons for decommissioning Process, cradle to grave Waste handling (classification, transportation, incineration) Residual odorant handling, (reuse vs. disposal) 4 Case Studies WHY DECOMMISSION AND DISPOSE? Natural Gas industry is a fast growing segment of our en- ergy industry and there is a need to keep the operations safe and environmentally friendly. Obsolete odorization equipment needs to be removed and disposed of in an environmentally sound and odor-free manner in order to avoid business disruption or potential liquid/vapor odorant leaks from obsolete equipment.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
F2AC0ED9
PICKLING A NEW NATURAL GAS PIPELINE
Author(s): Shawn Jennings
Abstract/Introduction:
WHY DO WE ODORIZE NATURAL GAS? New London, TX In the United States for all practical purposes odorization of natural gas originated due to the explosion of London school in the small east Texas town on New London on March 18, 1937.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
B879A9C5
LNG SAMPLING, ANALYTICALLY ACCURATE PRACTICES AND TECHNIQUES WITH INDUSTRY OVERVIEW TO INCLUDE BIOGAS, POTENTIAL HYDROGEN BLENDING, LNG FLOW LAB UPDATE
Author(s): Ken Thompson
Abstract/Introduction:
Sampling and transportation of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) has increased as this has become a Global Market with many new liquefaction plants, export and import ter- minals that have been built to date and more under con- struction or in the planning stages due to the increase in world demand of LNG. This demand has increased due to LNG being considered by many countries as the fuel of choice based on its safe properties, availability, cost, cleanness and ease of transportation. With the increase of liquefaction, storage, blending and transportation so has the need increased for Analytically Accurate measure- ment of the LNG in the realm of custody transfer. This has also led to new techniques in LNG sampling to help verify the measurement results. This paper will cover these new techniques in their approach and their unique challenges for the industry.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
5165FE2D
MITIGATING LOST AND UNACCOUNTED-FOR GAS: DETERMINATION AND CORRECTIVE ACTION IN CONTEMPORARY UPSTREAM, MIDSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OPERATIONS
Author(s): Duane Harris
Abstract/Introduction:
In light of volatile prices, the industry has assumed an every drop counts approach to running the business. In this environment, issues such unaccounted-for (UAF) gas, with which every operation has dealt before, find themselves under new scrutiny. Production, gathering, midstream, pipeline and distribu- tion companies are all responsible for managing UAF. Long gone are the days when the cost and impact of UAF was passed directly to the customer with virtually no re- quirements for managing and reducing costs associated with the loss.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
B852850C
CONTROL ROOM MANAGEMENT-ARE YOU IN CONTROL?
Author(s): Julie Porcaro
Abstract/Introduction:
Starting in 2011, many pipeline operators were required to implement the requirements listed in 49 CRF 192.631 - Control Room Management. Many of the requirements were either identified as necessary after a review of pipeline incidents or are considered industry best practices. Some of the high-level requirements listed in 192.631 are: Control Room Operations o Training on system operations o Shift Scheduling Fatigue Management Shift Change Protocols o Operator Roles and Responsibilities o Documentation of Actions during normal and abnormal operating conditions o Communication Between Control Room and Field Between Control Room and Managemen
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
308B361D
THE CHANGING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
Author(s): Scott Laplante
Abstract/Introduction:
In recent years there have been several incidents in the natural gas pipeline industry that have caused an increased level of scrutiny of how natural gas pipeline companies conduct their daily operations. Local, state and federal regulatory agencies are examining not only company procedures, but also the laws and regulations that govern how natural gas systems are installed, maintained and operated. Topics of discussion in this paper will discuss the following: Current government regulations Incidents and the investigation process Changes in gas industry practices
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
DF39843B