The Role Of Quality Assurance In Vehicle Emission Testing
Author(s): Michael J. Mccrystal
Abstract/Introduction:
The strict regulation of vehicle emissions since the 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act were implemented has led to the development of a complex analytical system and test procedure for determing compliance to State and Federal standards. The complexity of the analytical system and the inter-relationship of the measurement variabilities present special problems in obtaining accurate data. The quality assurance program developed at Chrysler to minimize the systematic errors occurring in the test system and to enhance the reliability of the emission results is described.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
E9F057E3
The Contract Toxicology Laboratory: The Role Of Measurement Science
Author(s): Eve A. Conner
Abstract/Introduction:
An increasingly important part of the premarket approval process for new products is safety evaluation. Both short and long term studies are required. Improvments in current animal models, development of new models and quality control are three important areas in which measurement technology can play a role in the complex problem of defining hazards to human health.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
1C27272A
Imaging Optical Probe For Nuclear Reactor Safety Studies
Author(s): Robert E. Pulfrey, Michael R. Donaldson
Abstract/Introduction:
Imaging optical probes have recently been developed to provide a direct view into the corrosive water reactor flow environment at 620K and 15.5 MPa. In the event of an incident involving the loss-of-coolant, the optical probe provides observations of steamwater flow regime, and the capabilities for stroboscopic, holographic and laser doppler measurements of outstanding accuracy in nuclear reactor safety studies.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
2D75D575
The Measurement Of A Laser: The Shiva Project Technical Paper Presentation
Author(s): Donald E. Campbell
Abstract/Introduction:
This paper will discuss the multitude of diagnostic measurements used to determine the details of the fusion process occuring in glass microballoons filled with-a mixture of deuterium and tritium gas ignited by focused laser beams. The entire burning takes place in approximately one nanosecond making necessary very high-speed recording instruments to diagnose these processes in real time. Instruments will be discussed which diagnose X-rays, neutrons, ions, electrons, alpha particles and absorbed and scattered laser radiation. Emphasis will be placed on electronic equipment required to support these measurements. Several diagnostic techniques will be discussed that are still in the planning stage.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
D7E3498C
Measurements Required To Construct The Shiva Laser Fusion Facility*
Author(s): H. J. Rien
Abstract/Introduction:
The construction of a large laser fusion system involves all aspects of metrology. This report covers some of the technical problems encountered and how the science of weights and measures was used to identify and solve them. The techniques used range from very simple and inexpensive handheld equipment to sophisticated scientific apparatus costing thousands of dollars. The success of the 30 trillion watt Shiva laser system would not have been possible without reliable and accurate measurements.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
8276E90B
Measurements Of Laser Parameters For The. Shiva Laser Fusion Facility*
Author(s): R. G. Ozarski
Abstract/Introduction:
To successfully operate the Shiv Laser Fusion Facility. nlmerous laser parameters must be collected and made rapidly available to the operators, which enable them to give the desired laser configuration for a particular target. The required data includes energy at various locations in each chain, pulse length, switchout timing, amplified spontaneous emission, prepulse and beam focusability. How this data is obtained from a variety of sensors and the data acquisition system which collects and displays the data will be discussed.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
11042E9F
The Paradox Of Parochial Calibration
Author(s): D.R. Don Tobey
Abstract/Introduction:
With the advent of sophisticated and complex peculiar Ground Support Equipment (GSE), recent recommendations to the calibration related problems of spiraling cost, proliferation, and divergent support philosophies, have become the subject of voluminous literature. Solutions have ranged from the determination of reliability models and statistically derived calibration recall intervals, to realignment of the overall management and quality control costructs. While some of these suggestions may provide remedial solutions, this paper presents the paradox of redesigning management controls by suggesting that management of metrology concepts be incorporated into the GSE design system itself. To modify a old cliche, the metrology engineer must influence the design of GSE to prevent the traceability problems associated with parochial calibration: TO a large degree, the need for a cure will go away.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
86B6BDFB
Gaseous Emission Measurements On Utility Boiler Systems
Author(s): G.H. Shiomoto, R.R. Pease
Abstract/Introduction:
Emission measurements of all stationary sources has become important in attempting to reduce a growing pollution problem. Utility boilers, one of the largest emission sources, were among the first to be evaluated for emissions and regulated. Regulations have been imposed on the two basic emission groups, particulates and gaseous pollutant species. This paper deals with the measurement of the gaseous species in the boiler flue gases. An extractive, multi-point sampling system, typically used with a mobile emissions monitor, is described. The gaseous species measured include oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulfur. In addition to emission measurement for inventory or emission reduction tests, these gaseous measurements are useful for improving- boiler efficiency. Continuous ammonia measurement, which may become an important factor in the future, is also described.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
9251B75F
The Use Of High Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation To Probe For Economically Producible Hydrocarbons
Abstract/Introduction:
Electromagnetic measurement techniques have been used for many years to investigate the formation surrounding an oil well borehole. Presently d.c. and low frequency radiation are used to differentiate between water bearing and hydrocarbon bearing rocks. Recent results have shown that additional information can be gained by using high frequency radiation techniques. This paper will discuss a microwave technique presently in the field and a proposed radio frequency measurement. Particular attention will be paid to the hardware involved in making the measurements in the 25 - 175C, 138 MPa (20,000 psi) environment of the drill hole.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
6CF6CF39
Measurement Challenges To Developing New Energy Technologies
Author(s): J. W. Moyer, G. K. Crane
Abstract/Introduction:
As we in the advanced electric power generation and distribution field attempt to bring new conversion concepts into commercial utilization, we invariably find new engineering as well as environmental types of measurements which need to be made in order to develop, assess and control these new technologies. Often these measurements must be consistently accurate and reliable, and must be made in hostile environments in which they have never been made before. The paper will discuss briefly a few of the significant measurement challenges which are currently facing us in the development of new energy techologies.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
78F39F8E
Automated Measuremeut Apparatus Used In Integrated Circuit Processiyg
Author(s): Ulrich Kaempf
Abstract/Introduction:
The advances in the miniaturization of integrated circuits bring with them an ever increasing demand on the quality of materials, process and packaging technologies. In order to take imdiate corrective action and to eliminate defective parts from further unnecessary process steps, automated testing is now commonly being performed at every process level.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
FFDBA64C
The Use Of Llicroelectronic Test Structures To Characterize Ic Materials, Processes, And Processing Equipment*
Author(s): L. W. Linholm, G. P. Carver, T. J. Russell
Abstract/Introduction:
With the increasing complexity of large scale integrated circuits, it is becoming more difficult to fully characterize circuit performance. Nicroelectronic test structures offer an important source of reliable data for circuit characterization. When properly designed, test structures can be used to evaluate material, process, process equipment, and device parameters to provide the necessary information for circuit characterization. The National Bureau of Standards is conducting a program to develop well-designed test structures and methods to test these structures. The t&t structures are nodular and can be tested with computer-controlled data acquisition systems they can be used to obtain unambiguous information on the parameter the structure is intended to measure. Data from these test structures can be applied to circuit characterization, process control. technology assessment, and yield analysis. Examples of the test structures in some of these applications are presented.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
08BA8CC9
Automated Techniques For Characterizing And Displaying Ic Photomasking Variations
Author(s): F. E. Wahl, T. F. Hasan, S. W. Mylroie, D. S. Perloff
Abstract/Introduction:
The fabrication of complex integrated circuits involves the use of photolithographic and etching techniques for patterning semiconductor wafers. In addition, the features delineated by successive masking steps must be carefully aligned to those introduced in earlier operations. This paper describes a series of automated electrical and optical measurement techniques for evaluating and controlling dimensional variations, etching uniformity, and alignment accuracy across a wafer. Data are collected at 118 uniformly distributed test sites and displayed in the form of easily interpreted two-dimensional maps. This approach provides a comprehensive set of tools for process development, engineering studies and quality control.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
15E7AF4F
Measurbment In Medicine Beckman INSTRUMENTS,INC.
Author(s): B. T. Anderson
Abstract/Introduction:
The advanced technology experienced in almost all areas of industry today will not allow complaisancey in the Measurement of Medicine. Also, society has charged the Government, through its Regulatory Agencies, to assure utilizing Industry Standards, Controls, and Good Manufacturing Practices that rledical Devices used for their care and safety are reliable. And to be reliable, the data obtained must be accurate.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
A33059DF
Measurement Needs And Techniques For Clinical Chemical Analyzers
Abstract/Introduction:
The clinical Instruments Division of Beckman Instrument produces instruments for use in Hospital and Private Laboratories to measure chemicals in Blood and other body fluids. The measurements made during incoming inspection, production and test of the instruments and associated chemicals and supplies include electrical, mechanical and chemical techniques. In most cases normal measurement instrumentation and techniques are used. In some cases these measurements are traceable toNBS. Probably the most challenging measurement requirements are for our chemical calibrators and controls. In this area we are limited by our instrumentation where we need to determine the value of these products more accurately than the instrumentation is basically capable of. Thus, we must apply exacting statistical analysis along with very controlled measurement techniques to assure the correct value for these calibrators and controls. Some aspects of the problem and how we approach it will be discussed in this paper.
Go to Download Page
Email Reference
Document ID:
5B5A179E