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Title: Fundamentals Of Ultrasonic Flow Meters
Author: Mike Scelzo, Steve Milford, Nick Mollo, Jed Matson
Source: 2005 American School of Gas Measurement Technology
Year Published: 2005
Abstract: Although they are considered relatively new, transit-time ultrasonic flow meters for natural gas measurement date back more than 25 years. In the late 1970s, Columbia Gas Research undertook a cooperative program to develop ultrasonic check meters for Columbia Gas Pipeline, with Panametrics, Inc., then a company that was well known for ultrasonic nondestructive testing technology. At that time, transit-time ultrasonic technology was well established for liquid flow metering utilizing both wetted and clamp-on installation methods, but the technology had not yet been commercialized for gases. The difficulty that had to be overcome when using ultrasonic flow meter technology for gas metering was the mismatch of acoustic impedance between the ultrasonic transducers and the gas. That mismatch makes the transfer of ultrasonic energy into a gas difficult, much more difficult than transferring ultrasonic energy into a liquid. Panametrics developed a successful way of acoustically coupling ultrasonic transducers to gases. That invention was the cornerstone of ultrasonic flow measurement for gases.

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