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Title: New Technologies In S&W Measurement
Author: Thomas m. Canty
Source: 2014 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 2014
Abstract: Detection of solids and water in crude has traditiona lly been done off line using gravimetric type analyses, for example. There are technologies available for use in m onitoring solids and water however they are fraught with difficulties that arise from the varying types of process fluid makeups existing within a crude flow. For instance, ultrasonic meters can be affected by the solid particles they are measuring. Air bubbles can also affect the accuracy and calibration of the instrument. In any event, t here is no direct, or immediate, method to confirm that the measurement shown is actually a measurement of th e crude or a skewed reading caused by some of these process factors.

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