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Title: Real Time Electronic Flow Measurement
Author: Michael J. Ready
Source: 1988 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 1988
Abstract: was considered mostly as a nuisance that came with valuable crude oil rather than an asset and was flared to the atmosphere. The flow rate in the first pipelines was approximated by the line pressure. Imagine how difficult it was to sell the concept of using meters and chart recorders when gas was selling for 5 cents per MCF! During World War II, major trunklines were laid connecting customers with the gas supplies in the Southwest. The two pen circular chart recorder had become the standard readout device for the ubiquitous orifice fitting. Hundreds of thousands of these charts were collected from the field meters, checked for gross inaccuracy, and integrated to obtain standard volumes for billing purposes. The time delay from the actual gas flow until the bill was mailed took from two to eight weeks. The charts were not only used for billing but for wellhead and pipeline operation. They gave vital information concerning shut-in timing, visual indication of real-time differential and static pressures, indication of fluctuating flow, indications of under and over ranging, and also gave hints of potential icing problems in the line.

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