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Title: Multiphase Flow Measurement
Author: Parviz Mehdizadeh
Source: 2004 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 2004
Abstract: Production measurements have had to deal with a major challenge. We have had to use single-phase measurements devices to assess the flow of multiphase streams. Much research has focused on devising ways to adopt these single-phase devices to measurements of multiphase streams. This paper describes the development of multiphase meters, how they work, their deployment, and applications. Periodic well testing and production measurements provide data that is used for field and well allocation in the upstream petroleum industry. In general, allocation is defined as the process of matching cumulative volumetric production measurements at various locations in the production train. Reporting and back allocation of oil, gas, and associated products builds the primary basis for the performance measurement of operations for a producing asset. The allocation procedure provides the basic requirements for reporting of data and the pro-ration of sales volumes, re-injected volumes, disposed volumes, and volumes allocated to individual properties/wells/reservoir/zones, as shown schematically in Fig. 1. The need for production allocation rises from the unavailability of accurate measurement of oil, gas and water produced or disposed at all entry and exit points in a production network. Ideally, the allocation factor should be equal to 1. This means that the measurement of all fluids coming into the system at the various entry points matches the measurements of fluids coming out - correcting for pressure, temperature variations and accounting for mass transfer between phase through proper PVT models. Because of the errors in various measurements, the back allocation factor may differ from 1. Field allocation factors can vary from 0.6 to 1.2, and it is reported (see reference 15) that the worldwide average for well allocation is close to 0.85. In a majority of operations the back allocation is lower than 1, specifically for oil, corresponding to an overreporting of the oil rate made upstream (at the wellheads or at pads). Poor well testing and production measurements can result in improper allocation practices, which in turn can impact reserve management. One of the objectives of developing and deploying the novel multiphase metering techniques is to improve the allocation factor.

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