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Title: Installation And Operation Errors In Gas Measurement
Author: Thomas B. Morrow, Edgar B. Bowles
Source: 2008 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 2008
Abstract: Installation errors may occur when an instrument is used in a manner different from how it was calibrated. For example, suppose that a temperature sensor is calibrated in a stirred, constant temperature bath. During calibration, the sensor is in thermal equilibrium with the circulating fluid, and the fluid and sensor temperatures are the same. However, let the same sensor be used to measure the temperature of gas flowing through a pipe at low velocity. If the pipe wall temperature is different from the flowing gas temperature, convection heat transfer will occur between the gas and the pipe wall, radiation heat transfer between the pipe wall and the sensor, and convection heat transfer between the sensor and the flowing gas. The sensor is not in thermal equilibrium with the flowing gas and the sensor temperature will be different from the flowing gas temperature. Flow meter installation errors can occur when a meter is calibrated in one piping configuration, and then is used in a different configuration. Installation errors often occur when the flow meter measurement is sensitive to the shape of the gas flow velocity profile. Between 1980 and 2005, considerable research was performed to better understand the magnitude and direction of installation errors for orifice meters, turbine meters, and ultrasonic meters. The research results were critically reviewed by industry measurement standards committees, and served as the basis for affirmation or revision of the installation specifications. This paper reviews some types of installation and operation errors found for orifice meters, gas ultrasonic meters, and turbine meters.

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