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Title: Orifice Meters For Liquid Measurement
Author: Zaki D. Husain
Source: 2003 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 2003
Abstract: According to Webster dictionary, orifice is a mouth like aperture and meter is an instrument that measures. Therefore, orifice meter is a circular opening that measures. In early 1600s, Castelli and Tonicelli were first to state that the velocity through a hole in a tank varies as square root of water level above the hole. They also stated that the volume flow rate through the hole is proportional to the area of the opening. Almost another century later, in 1738, a Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli developed an equation defining relationship between the forces due to the line pressure, energy of the moving fluid, and the earths gravitational forces on the fluid. Bernoullis theorem has since been the basis for the flow equation of all head-type flow meters. In 1797, an Italian scientist, Giovanni Venturi, demonstrated that the differential pressure generated across an orifice plate due to flow, is a square root function of the flow rate through the pipe. This is the first known use of an orifice in measuring flow rate through a pipe. Prior accepted flow measurement method was by filling buckets of known volume. So, use of orifice plate as a continuous flow-measuring device has a history of over two hundred years.

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