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Title: History Of 9% Nickel Steel Development And Use
Author: John W. Flannery
Source: American Gas Association 1981
Year Published: 1981
Abstract: With respect to materials used for low temperature and cryogenic services, there is a wide range of industrial gases that are readily handled as liquids. This requires liquefaction over a range of temperatures from -28F to -452F. As the temperature goes down, the amount of alloy, primarily nickel, is increased. The 2-1/4% and 3-1/2% nickel steels find use in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. The 9% nickel steel and austenilic stainless steels find applications in handling methane and various industrial gases down to -320F, Below -400F, the nickel-containing materials used are the austenitic stainless steels, such as Types 304 and 304L and the 36 nickel iron alloy, frequently referred to as Invar.

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