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Title: Prevention Of Freezing In Measuring And Regulating Equipment
Author: Ronald E. Beaty, C. m. Turner, Robert Magee
Source: 1968 Southwestern Gas Measurement Short Course (Now called ISHM)
Year Published: 1968
Abstract: Freezing in measurement and regulation equipment is the most critical problem faced by measurement personnel during the peak winter period. In gathering systems, warm saturated gas comes from the formation along with free water, condensate, and heavy end hydrocarbons. When the equilibrium of the gas is upset due to temperature reduction, pressure reduction or turbulance, hydrates are likely to form. Hydrates are ice-like complex, crystalline solids which form when a hydrocarbon gas, usually methane, ethane or propane, combines with water vapor. Hydrates are normally composed of seven or eight molecules of water per molecule of hydrocarbon gas. Hydrate formation temperatures are well above the freezing point of water alone.

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