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Title: Effects Of Abnormal Conditions On Accuracy Of Orifice Measurement
Author: William R. Johansen
Source: 2000 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 2000
Abstract: The effects of abnormal conditions on orifice plate based flow measurement is a broad topic. The research on abnormal effects has typically focused on issues such as the effects of bent plates, plate eccentricity, dulled orifice bore leading edge, the presence of water and liquified hydrocarbons, and many other conditions found in pipeline orifice meters. Abnormal conditions may also describe conditions that are considered acceptable as they are within the guidelines specified by standards like ANSI/API 2530. ANSI/API 2530 is the standard that covers orifice plate based flow measurement of natural gas. It contains equations for calculating flow, specifications for the installation of orifice flow meters, and methods for gas sampling. This paper will discuss potential problems in four areas of orifice based flow measurement: calculation of discharge coefficients, calculation of expansion factors, flow conditioning, and gas sampling. Each of these topics is covered by the standard but a great deal of detail is left out of the standard. In many cases only a detailed knowledge of the history behind the standard allows flow measurement personnel to recognize when potential problems are arising.

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