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Title: Freeze Protection For The Natural Gas Industry
Author: Thomas And David Kerr
Source: 2010 Appalachian Gas Measurement Short Course
Year Published: 2010
Abstract: Freezing in regulating and measuring equipment is a problem affecting all phases of the natural gas industry from the wellhead to the final customer. Internal freezing is caused by the formation of hydrates, which are frost-like unstable, complex, crystalline solids formed from hydrocarbon gases and water vapor under certain conditions of pressure and temperature. Most natural gas purchase agreements limit the amount of water to pounds per million cubic feet of gas. External freezing is caused

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