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Title: Custody Transfer Loading Of Super Tankers By Turbine Meter Systems
Author: Jack R. Babbitt
Source: 1973 Southwestern Gas Measurement Short Course (Now called ISHM)
Year Published: 1973
Abstract: To reduce the cost of transportation of crude oil from the Middle East and African fields and to bring this crude to European and United States Ports of Entry, huge Super Tankers have been constructed. The proper name for such vessels is Very Large Crude Carriers, shortened to VLCC. Transportation savings of fifty to seventy-five cents per barrel can be realized by the use of such VLCCs. Quoting from an article in the February 1973 edition of the CHEMICAL ENGINEERING magazine, At the beginning of 1972, a total of 463 active tankers and bulk carriers of over 100,000 dead weight tons were too big to enter any U.S. port fully loaded. With a 477,000 dead weight ton tanker due for delivery from a Japanese ship builder the first quarter of this year, and two on order for Shell Oil Company of 525,000 dead weight tons, it is said that the era of onehalf million ton ships has arrived and that the 700,000 to 800,000 ton size is just over the horizon.

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