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Title: SHRINKAGE LOSSES RESULTING FROM LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXING
Author: J. H. (Harry) James T. Brett Cameron
Source: 2018 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 2018
Abstract: Pipeline and terminal balancing has been a focus of measurement specialists since early in the development stages of oil and gas production. It was quickly recognized that even with the best volumetric measurement equipment, unaccounted for discrepancies still occurred that exceeded the accuracy and uncertainty ranges associated with the custody transfer and inventory accounting systems. Conventionally we have been taught to understand that one plus one equals two. In an ideal world of integers this is the case but in the world of volumetric hydrocarbon measurement one plus one is usually less than two. In rare circumstances it can also be greater than two. As stated in the Dec. 1967 edition of API Publication 2509C regarding the result of blending two different hydrocarbons, If the nature of the molecules of the components differ appreciably, then deviation from ideal behavior may be expected. This deviation may either be positive or negative that is, the total volume may increase or decrease when components are blended. .. Inasmuch as petroleum components contain molecules of various sizes and weights, solutions of two separate components are seldom ideal. Consequently it is to be expected there may be a change in volume associated with the mixing or blending of petroleum components of varying gravities and molecular structure.

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