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Title: Effects Of Paving On External Loadings On Buried Pipelines
Author: Richard Olson, Denny Stephens, David Finley
Source: American Gas Association 1981
Year Published: 1981
Abstract: This paper presents an improved calculation procedure for determining live loads on pipelines in uncased road crossings. Previous methods of calculating the loads have been overly conservative because they have ignored the beneficial effects of pavement and of load distribution at the tire contact patch. Results of the method introduced here show that including these two effects can reduce the calculated live load by up to 50 percent. This is enough, in some circumstances, to lower the design factor of a crossing design from an unacceptable level to an acceptable level.

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