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Title: Pipeline Crossings Of Railroads And Highways
Author: H. E. Stewart, T. D. Orourke, A. R. Ingraffea
Source: American Gas Association 1991
Year Published: 1991
Abstract: This paper summarizes research on pipeline crossings of railroads and highways and a resulting, comprehensive methodology for evaluating stresses conveyed to uncased pipelines in such environments. The research was performed at Cornell University under the sponsorship of the Gas Research Institute with guidance from representatives of the gas, railroad, and highway industries. The paper begins with a description of state-of-the-art reviews summarizing specifications of various professional societies and regulatory institutions, construction techniques, loading conditions at crossings, corrosion protection, and design practices. Next, the analytical methods used to evaluate pipehne stresses are described, with emphasis on the modes of pipehne deformation which need to be modeled in a comprehensive analytical approach. The design methodology, which was derived from analytical and field studies, is summarized. Comparisons between the new methodology and conventional design procedures are made. Full scale field tests performed at the Transportation Test Center operated by the American Association of Railroads are discussed. These tests were undertaken to validate the design methodology under actual rail loading conditions. Field measurements are compared with the strains and stresses predicted by various analytical models. Guidehnes pertaining to stress analysis and good practice at railroad and highway crossings are discussed. Steps being undertaken to adopt the guidelines by various professional groups are reported, and software being developed to facilitate the stress analysis is described.

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