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Title: Time Domain Characterisation Of Modern Time And Frequency Standards
Author: Richard Percival
Source: 2000 Measurement Science Conference
Year Published: 2000
Abstract: The article is an attempt at explaining the basic theory and practice behind frequency calibration in the time domain. There are many different ways of characterising the frequency accuracy and stability of a standard in the time domain. However, successful characterisation involves, amongst other things, consideration of the various noise processes generated by frequency standards, understanding the multitude of statistical methods available, following a quality calibration procedure (such as NAMAS) and the efficient logging of the results. This paper seeks to explain and clarify the terminology used to specify and characterise modern Time and Frequency Standards. It shows the difference between accuracy and stability, expounds the need for appropriate reference standards, charts the development of the Allen Variance and its cousins, gives detailed information into their respective advantages and disadvantages and shows where each may be most appropriately used. To aid in understanding how time domain measurements are taken, the reader is led through the procedure used in-house by the company to characterise and calibrate their range of time and frequency standards. This is both for internal (research and development) and external (calibration certification for customers) use.

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