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Title: Flow meter performance under CO2 gaseous conditions
Author: Dennis van Putten,Robert Kruithof
Source: 2021 North Sea Flow Measurement Workshop
Year Published: 2021
Abstract: The transport and energy measurement and billing of natural gas in pipeline systems is well understood in the gas industry. ISO standards and best practice specifications and procedures to facilitate transport and custody transfer are widely available and under constant improvement and review. With decarbonization ambitions moving forward, the transport of CO2 is becoming increasingly important to facilitate carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). As well as for natural gas systems, accurate measurement and subsequent billing for CCUS is required to show compliance with national and international emissions-reduction regulations, like the EU Emission Trading System (ETS). The ETS is based on the principle of cap and trade, meaning that the capped emission rights can be traded between parties. The ETS states that all CO2 reported amounts above 500 kilotons/year should be within an uncertainty of 2.5% (k2) independent of the thermodynamic state of the CO2, i.e. gas, liquid or dense phase.

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