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Title: Fundamentals Of Orifice Flow Measurement
Author: L. K. Spink, J. B. Mcmahon
Source: 1934 Appalachian Gas Measurement Short Course
Year Published: 1934
Abstract: The orifice is one of the oldest of mans accurate measurement instruments. Its consistency of performance was used by the Chaldeans to measure time accurately as a basis for astronomical calculations and there is evidence that the Maya Indians in Central and Southern Mexico made use of it for the same purpose. One of its first uses as a rate of flow measuring device was in Ancient Rome, where an orifice was installed in the water supply line leading to each house. It was part of a plug cock which was turned on for a certain number of hours each day. That the Romans were acquainted with the effect of orifice pipe ratio on orifice efficiency is shown by their specifying a definite maximum ratio that might be used. I believe it was one-half. The orifice type of flow meter has developed very rapidly in this country. There have been roughly, two broad, general lines of development which are now rapidly converging, that in the power plant and general industrial field, and that in the natural gas and petroleum industry.

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