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Title: Pulsation Effects On Orifice Metering Considering Primary And Secondary Elements
Author: Robert J. Mckee
Source: 1987 Gulf Coast Measurement Short Course (Now called ASGMT)
Year Published: 1987
Abstract: Orifice meters are the most accepted and commonly used devices for industrial measurement of large volume gas flows. If properly used and maintained in accordance with codes and standards, orifices can be expected to provide accurate flow measurements. Orifices are intended for use in steady flow, and it is well recognized that pulsations or transients in the flow can affect the measurement accuracy of an orifice meter. Field conditions are not the same as laboratory conditions, and pulsations or unsteady flow conditions are often present at field meter sites. Pulsations caused by compressors, control systems, regulators or flow induced phenomena cause errors at the orifice plate and in the secondary system. The user needs to know about any pulsations in the differential pressure that represents the orifice flow rate. Figure 1 shows a common situation in which pulsations are present at the orifice, but do not appear on the chart. In this situation, the average chart differential does not correspond to the average flow. Some of the causes of pulsation-induced errors at orifices are well known and others are not, but it is recognized that pulsations cause errors at orifices. A.G.A. Report No. 3 on Orifice Metering of Natural Gas, which is also ANSI/API 2530, clearly states that: Reliable measurements of a gas flow with an orifice cannot be obtained when appreciable pulsations ... are present at the measurement point.

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