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Title: Directionally Controlled Horizontally Drilled Pipeline River Crossings
Author: Hugh W. Odonnell
Source: American Gas Association 1980
Year Published: 1980
Abstract: Over the years, two basic pipeline river crossing construction methods have evolved: dredging and bridging. Each of these traditional methods have a number of serious drawbacks, including the potential for environmental damage. In recent years, these problems have begun to arouse widespread concern as we have become increasingly aware of the need to protect our natural environment. Statistics gathered over a period of many years make it clear that the pipeline river crossing is, by far, the weakest link in the pipeline chain. These data indicate pipeline failures in river crossings due to natural or undetermined causes occur approximately 30 times as frequently as failures from these same causes in cross-country pipelines.

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