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Title: Ray Tracing In A Wind Beam( Curvature Effects In Ultrasonic Flowmeters)
Author: Thomas O. Maginnis, Ph.D.
Source: 2010 Measurement Science Conference
Year Published: 2010
Abstract: Ultrasonic Time of Flight Flowmeters have become the de-facto dominant technology for gas flow measurements in large line sizes. These meters have some ability to compensate for flow profile variations by employing multiple chordal paths for the sound transmission paths. It is usually assumed in the elementary theory of these meters that the sound propagates along straight lines that connect(wetted) sending and receiving transducers. In fact, the acoustic ray path is slightly curved by any vorticity that exists in the flow field. (Even for laminar flow profiles there is an azimuthal vorticity component in the flow field that bends the sound rays as they pass through the pipe boundary layer.)

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