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Title: Controlling Surges In Liquid Pipelines
Author: G A L E N m. C O T T On
Source: 1989 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 1989
Abstract: O n e d a y in t h e l a t e 1 9 0 0 s a S c o t t i s h e n g i n e e r by t h e name of J o hn S c o t t R u s s e l l r e c o r d e d a n e v e n t t h at s e e m e d c o n t r a r y to a l l of h i s s t u d y and h i s common s e n s e . He o b s e r v e d a wave m o v i n g at a s u b s t a n t i a l v e l o c i t y in e x c e s s of t h e g e n e r a l f l o w w i t h i n t he c o n f i n e s of an o p e n c a n a l . While k e e p i ng a b r e a s t of t h e wave on h o r s e b a c k , he was a b l e t o c o n f i r m t h a t t h e wave m a i n t a i n ed i t s s h a p e , s i z e , and a p p a r e n t v e l o c i ty f o r m i l e s w i t h o u t d y i n g o u t . His was t he f i r s t r e c o r d e d d e s c r i p t i o n of a s p e c i al t y p e of s u r g e e v e n t known as a s o l i t o n. I t i s now u n d e r s t o o d t h a t s o l i t o n s o c c ur when a waves n a t u r a l t e n d e n c y to s p r e ad a n d d i s a p p e a r ( a t t e n u a t e ) i s e x a c t ly c o m p e n s a t e d f o r by an o u t s i d e f o r c e . In t h e c a s e of Mr. R u s s e l l s wave t h e c a n al w a l l p r o v i d e d t h a t f o r c e , r e f l e c t i n g t he w a v e b a c k on i t s e l f and c o n t i n u o u s ly r e i n f o r c i n g t h e e v e n t . Such a phenomena o c c u r r i n g in t h e c l o s e d c o n d u i t of a p i p e l i n e w o u l d b e t r e m e n d o u s ly d e s t r u c t i v e . S o l i t o n s a r e , a d m i t t e d l y, r a r e o c c u r r e n c e s . In p i p e l i n e s t h e more common s u r g e e v e n t s r a n g e from s i m p le w a t e r h a m m e r t o s i g n i f i c a n t s u r g e e v e n ts t h a t c a n i n c l u d e t h e s u p e r d e s t r u c t i v e, s e l f r e i n f o r c i n g p r e s s u r e p u l s e s of a m a j o r s u r g e e v e n t . In o r d e r t o c o n t r ol t h e s e e v e n t s i t i s n e c e s s a r y to u n d e r s t a n d t h e s y s t e m i n t e r m s of s t e a dy s t a t e h y d r a u l i c s and t h e s u r g e e v e n t.

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