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Title: Controlling Surge In Liquid Pipeline
Author: George m. Armstrong
Source: 1980 International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement
Year Published: 1980
Abstract: What is Surge? Surges or hydraulic transients, commonly known as water hammer are sudden increases or decreases of the total pressures in a piping system due to changes in velocity of the fluid in a pipeline. Change In velocity, such as would result frora the sudden closure of a valve in a flowing pipeline, causes the fluid to suddenly come to rest, resulting in a pressure increase in the system above the operating pressure. The energy associated with the moving fluid is converted into energy of pressure when it is suddenly stopped. In steady state pipeline flow, there is no change in the flow conditions at a point with passing time. The hydraulic grade line (HGL) elevation varies with two independent variables namely, the distance from the upstream end of the conduit & the flow rate. On the other hand, transient flow introduces time as a second independent variable such that both the flow velocity and the HGL elevation vary with both distance and the time elapsed from the start of a disturbance,

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