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Title: Fundamentals Of Multi-Port Averaging Pitot Tubes In Natural Gas Measurement
Author: Gregory Livelli
Source: 1998 Gulf Coast Measurement Short Course (Now called ASGMT)
Year Published: 1998
Abstract: The availability and cost effectiveness of natural gas make it a major source of energy. Its distribution and transportation involves many aspects of moving natural gas from producing locations to storage locations and then to end-users. Often, a system will also include hundreds of compressor stations, which move gas through the pipelines and maintain pressure in storage fields. Delivery of gas, when and where needed, requires extensive knowledge of flow rates throughout the system. Reliability of these measurements dictates decisions to redirect flows, increase or decrease storage and add or reduce the number of compressors running. The traditional measurement of natural gas has been the orifice plate however, the averaging pitot tube (APT) has proven an economical preference in many applications. APTs are used at many locations along the pipeline for check metering, balancing and line packing. At storage fields, the APT helps determine flow rates, leakage rates and migration rates. Within the vicinity of the compressor station, APTs are invaluable in maintaining the efficiency of turbines and maximizing equipment uptimes.

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