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Title: Analysis Of A Full Gamma Ray Spectrum In Combination With A Venturi To Monitor Salinity & Sand
Author: Bruno Pinguet, Gilles Roux, Alex Brocoletti, Nadege Hopman
Source: 2007 South East Asia Flow Measurement Conference
Year Published: 2007
Abstract: Using multiphase flowmeters in field operations has now become a widely accepted practice. A three phase flow measurement requires a minimum of five measurements split as 3 velocity measurements and 2 fractions knowing that the sum of the three holdups is equal to one. Numerous techniques exist to try to obtain these five measurements but as any other measurement system there is no universal metering solution and multiphase flow meters are limited versus the technology or the physical principle used at either High GVF, Low GVF, or due to sensitivity to phase dispersion or composition change to name the most common one raised by customers or scientists. Facing and recognizing this type of issue will lead manufacturers to propose some add-on devices to take into account this sensitivity. Meanwhile, adding equipment is leading to complexify the meter with more electronics, introducing some possible problems of reliability, or the worst one making several measurements at different P, T conditions and having difficulty to reinterpret these measurements in a consistent model due to the chaotic behavior of multiphase flow and the decoupling effect that exist among the numerous measurements. For example, the utilization of Dual Energy Gamma is the simplest device to use in a multiphase flowmeter and the most accurate to get the fraction measurement. Meanwhile the sensitivity of the nuclear attenuations to some heavy atoms can lead to added uncertainties of the fraction measurement if the composition of one of the phases drastically change versus time and that such variation is not taken in consideration in real time. However, any nuclear fraction measurement having more than 2 energy levels has the potential to overcome this type of problem and ensuring a proper measurement of concentration at the same area, at same time and at high frequency thanks to the use of entire spectrum information.

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